密碼破解不再神秘教你搭建密碼破解服務器

作者：布加迪編譯 2011-12-09 10:17:07

我們經常為客戶做大量的密碼破解工作。有時候是由于我們破解了一個系統，尋找有無密碼重復使用的情況；有時候是由于我們在獲取密碼復雜性方面的統計數字，以證明某個觀點；有時候我們只是試圖破解WPA-PSK。不過，你有一套很安全的系統很要緊。我們最近改建了自己的一臺密碼破解服務器，下面介紹了關于其規格和配置的一些信息。

硬件規格

主板：EVGA Z68 FTW 160-SB-E689-KR Extended ATX英特爾主板

處理器：英特爾酷睿i7-2600K 3.4GHz LGA 1155 95W四核臺式機處理器

海盜船（CORSAIR）CAFA50 120mm CPU散熱器

電源：海盜船專業系列Gold AX1200（CMPSU-1200AX）1200W ATX12V v2.31 / EPS12V v2.92 SLI Certified 80 PLUS GOLD認證模塊化主動功率因數校正（PFC）電源

機箱：酷冷至尊HAF 932 Advanced RC-932-KKN5-GP黑鋼ATX全塔式偉訊機箱，帶USB 3.0

存儲設備：2只日立Deskstar 3TB 3.5英寸SATA 6.0Gb/s內置硬盤——裸盤

內存：海盜船XMS3 16GB（4 x 4GB）240針DDR3 SDRAM DDR3 1333臺式機處理器

GPU：4塊藍寶Radeon HD 6950 Dirt3 Edition 100312-3SR 視頻卡，帶Eyefinity技術

共計：2629.78美元

#p# 安裝
硬件改裝
雖然主板上有一個插槽可以使用，但是第四塊視頻卡其實與其他的視頻卡合不來（視頻卡相互排擠），于是我們決定采用一種“獨特”的方式來安裝它。我確信氣流/散熱方面的專家對這個決定不高興，但這又是唯一的辦法。使用靈活的PCIe擴展槽，我們總算裝上了該視頻卡。

靈活的PCI Express擴展槽

如右圖所示，我們在機箱背面上鉆了幾個空眼，為視頻卡上的連接器留出地方，并提供一定的穩定性。

硬盤/RAID配置

3TB硬盤要求我們利用Grub2和GPT。盡可能妥善地備份這個系統也很重要，以防出現硬件故障，所以我們想要使用RAID 1來確保簡單。

通過BIOS的英特爾FakeRAID——失敗

最初我們想通過主板內置的英特爾RAID功能來使用RAID 1，但是它似乎無法完全得到dmraid或Ubuntu Server 10.04.3的支持。不知什么原因，它在parted中出現的只是801GB硬盤；安裝不允許在該801GB中創建任何分區。于是我們放棄了它。

想了解更多信息，請訪問：http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=11477517

整個磁盤的軟件RAID（mdraid/mdadm）——失敗
我們希望硬盤完全冗余，于是試圖創建一個很大的根分區和一個交換分區，分區設置為linux_raid類型。若使用這個方法，Ubuntu安裝很正常，但是grub安裝失敗。折騰了一番后，我們還是無法成功地將grub安裝上去。于是，我們采用了一種比較傳統的分區方法。

想了解更多信息，請訪問：http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=11477507

根分區的軟件RAID（mdraid/mdadm）——成功了！

下面介紹了我們最后如何對這兩個（/dev/sda, /dev/sdb）硬驅進行分區。我們是在安裝之前，通過啟動到自生系統（LiveCD）完成這一步的。

root@ubuntu:~# parted /dev/sda mklabel gpt
root@ubuntu:~# parted -a cyl /dev/sda unit s mkpart grub 34 4130
root@ubuntu:~# parted -a cyl /dev/sdb set 1 bios_grub on
root@ubuntu:~# parted -a cyl /dev/sda unit s mkpart boot 4131 1052706
root@ubuntu:~# parted -a cyl /dev/sda unit s mkpart primary 1052707 5852144526
root@ubuntu:~# parted -a cyl /dev/sdb set 3 raid on
root@ubuntu:~# parted -a cyl /dev/sda unit s mkpart swap 5852144527s 5860533134s
root@ubuntu:~# parted /dev/sda unit compact print free

Model: ATA Hitachi HDS72303 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 3001GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: gpt
Number Start End   Size File system   Name   Flags
1   17.4kB 2115kB 2098kB         grub   bios_grub
2   2115kB 539MB 537MB ext2      boot
3   539MB 2996GB 2996GB xfs       primary raid
4   2996GB 3001GB 4295MB linux-swap(v1) swap

#p# 然后在安裝過程中，我們通過mdraid為第三個分區配置了RAID1。下面是安裝完成后mdadm.conf看起來的樣子。

root@ubuntu:~# cat /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf | grep ARRAY
ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid1 metadata=1.0 num-devices=2 UUID=43dd56be:498abe6a:4421ece1:0659a71e name=0

我們在安裝過程中為GDM選擇了“Ubuntu Desktop”程序包。這點很重要，因為之后在GPU上，要是沒有X.org服務器在運行，就無法進行破解。我們起初有一個啟動腳本，就為了在后臺執行xinit命令，但這使得可以實際訪問系統的任何人都能訪問根外殼。這是個壞主意。

一旦安裝完成，grub2還是沒有立即啟動，于是我們再次從自生系統（LiveCD）啟動，用手動方式來安裝：

root@ubuntu:~# mount -t xfs /dev/sda3 /mnt
root@ubuntu:~# cp /mnt/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf
root@ubuntu:~# mdadm --assemble /dev/md0
mdadm: /dev/md0 has been started with 1 drive (out of 2).
root@ubuntu:~# umount /mnt
root@ubuntu:~# mount /dev/md0 /mnt
root@ubuntu:~# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt/boot
root@ubuntu:~# for i in /dev /dev/pts /proc /sys; do sudo mount -B $i /mnt$i; done
root@ubuntu:~# chroot /mnt
root@ubuntu:/# grub-mkdevicemap
root@ubuntu:/# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
Generating grub.cfg ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.32-35-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-2.6.32-35-generic
Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin
root@ubuntu:/# grub-install --no-floppy --recheck --modules='biosdisk ext2' /dev/sda
Installation finished. No error reported.
root@ubuntu:/# grub-install --no-floppy --recheck --modules='biosdisk ext2' /dev/sdb
Installation finished. No error reported.

然后重啟動，現在我們看到了Ubuntu Gnome登錄提示符！

#p# 安裝OpenCL和AMD驅動程序

接下來我們需要安裝所有那些圖形卡。由于這些是AMD卡，我們將安裝AMD OpenCL軟件開發工具包（SDK）和AMD驅動程序。

user@ubuntu:~$ mkdir AMD-APP-SDK-v2.5-lnx64
user@ubuntu:~$ cd AMD-APP-SDK-v2.5-lnx64/
user@ubuntu:~$ wget http://developer.amd.com/Downloads/AMD-APP-SDK-v2.5-lnx64.tgz
user@ubuntu:~$ tar -zxvf AMD-APP-SDK-v2.5-lnx64.tgz
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo ./Install-AMD-APP.sh

作為一種檢查機制，我們可以使用HelloCL測試來確保一切工作正常：

user@ubuntu:~$ cd /opt/AMDAPP/samples/opencl/bin/x86_64
user@ubuntu:/opt/AMDAPP/samples/opencl/bin/x86_64$ ./HelloCL
HelloCL!
Getting Platform Information
No protocol specified
Creating a context AMD platform
Getting device info
Loading and compiling CL source
Running CL program
Done
Passed!

看起來很好，現在不妨安裝驅動程序：

user@ubuntu:/opt/AMDAPP/samples/opencl/bin/x86_64$ cd ~/
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install libssl-dev build-essential python-dev libpcap-dev
user@ubuntu:~$ export AMDAPPSDKROOT="/opt/AMDAPP"
user@ubuntu:~$export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:"/opt/AMDAPP/lib/x86_64":"/opt/AMDAPP/lib/x86"
user@ubuntu:~$ export ATISTREAMSDKROOT=$AMDAPPSDKROOT
user@ubuntu:~$ chmod +x ati-driver-installer-11-11-x86.x86_64.run
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo ./ati-driver-installer-11-11-x86.x86_64.run

#p# 安裝支持OpenCL的Pyrit

Pyrit很出色，但是它并沒有考慮到最新的AMD SDK。如果你到目前為止一直按要求來安裝，應該沒問題。不過，你會發現我們不得不作幾處更改，以便讓一切運行起來正常。

user@ubuntu:~$ wget http://pyrit.googlecode.com/files/cpyrit-opencl-0.4.0.tar.gz
user@ubuntu:~$ tar -zxvf cpyrit-opencl-0.4.0.tar.gz
user@ubuntu:~$ cd cpyrit-opencl-0.4.0/
user@ubuntu:~/cpyrit-opencl-0.4.0$ vi setup.py

編輯setup.py，在第55行后面新建一行，添加：

'/opt/AMDAPP/include', \

一旦pyrit有了所有正確的include指令，就可以開始編譯/安裝了。

user@ubuntu:~/cpyrit-opencl-0.4.0$ python setup.py build
user@ubuntu:~/cpyrit-opencl-0.4.0$ sudo python setup.py install
user@ubuntu:~/cpyrit-opencl-0.4.0$ cd ..
user@ubuntu:~$ wget http://pyrit.googlecode.com/files/pyrit-0.4.0.tar.gz
user@ubuntu:~$ tar -zxvf pyrit-0.4.0.tar.gz
user@ubuntu:~$ cd pyrit-0.4.0
user@ubuntu:~/pyrit-0.4.0$ python setup.py build
user@ubuntu:~/pyrit-0.4.0$ sudo python setup.py install
user@ubuntu:~/pyrit-0.4.0$ sudo pyrit list_cores

如果你使用一塊視頻卡，應該沒問題；不過由于我們有四塊，只好使用aticonfig實用工具來全部啟用它們：

user@ubuntu:~$ sudo service gdm stop
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo aticonfig --adapter=all --initial
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo service gdm start

我們運行了一些快速的pyrit基準測試，情況看起來很好：

user@ubuntu:~$ sudo pyrit benchmark
Pyrit 0.4.0 (C) 2008-2011 Lukas Lueg http://pyrit.googlecode.com
This code is distributed under the GNU General Public License v3+
Running benchmark (151933.5 PMKs/s)... /
Computed 151933.49 PMKs/s total.
#1: 'OpenCL-Device 'Cayman'': 41098.6 PMKs/s (RTT 2.7)
#2: 'OpenCL-Device 'Cayman'': 38496.3 PMKs/s (RTT 2.6)
#3: 'OpenCL-Device 'Cayman'': 42851.1 PMKs/s (RTT 2.6)
#4: 'OpenCL-Device 'Cayman'': 43023.6 PMKs/s (RTT 2.7)
#5: 'CPU-Core (SSE2)': 635.3 PMKs/s (RTT 3.5)
#6: 'CPU-Core (SSE2)': 588.7 PMKs/s (RTT 3.3)
#7: 'CPU-Core (SSE2)': 879.4 PMKs/s (RTT 2.8)
#8: 'CPU-Core (SSE2)': 961.1 PMKs/s (RTT 2.8)

#p# 安裝帶CAL++支持的pyrit

雖然151933.5 PMKs/s很好，但是我們知道這不是其應有的速度。所以我們決定采用使用CAL++的SVN版pyrit（0.4.1-dev），而不是使用帶OpenCL的穩定版pyrit（0.4.0）。

我們要做的第一件事就是卸載pyrit（請相信我，這么做是值得的）：

user@ubuntu:~$ cd pyrit-0.4.0/
user@ubuntu:~/pyrit-0.4.0$ sudo python setup.py install --record files.txt; sudo rm $(cat files.txt)
user@ubuntu:~pyrit-0.4.0$ cd ../cpyrit-opencl-0.4.0/
user@ubuntu:~/cpyrit-opencl-0.4.0$ sudo python setup.py install --record files.txt; sudo rm $(cat files.txt)

現在下載CAL++（http://sourceforge.net/projects/calpp/），并安裝它：

user@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install libboost-all-dev cmake
user@ubuntu:~$ tar -zxvf calpp-0.90.tar.gz
user@ubuntu:~$ cd calpp-0.90

CAL++需要作幾個變更，以便順利找到AMD SDK庫，所以編輯CMakeLists.txt，注釋掉這些行（即在每行開頭添加“#”）：

FIND_LIBRARY( LIB_ATICALCL aticalcl PATHS "$ENV{ATISTREAMSDKROOT}/lib" )
FIND_LIBRARY( LIB_ATICALRT aticalrt PATHS "$ENV{ATISTREAMSDKROOT}/lib" )
FIND_PATH( LIB_ATICAL_INCLUDE NAMES cal.h calcl.h PATHS "$ENV{ATISTREAMSDKROOT}/include" )

添加這些：

FIND_LIBRARY( LIB_ATICALCL aticalcl PATHS "/opt/AMDAPP/lib" )
FIND_LIBRARY( LIB_ATICALRT aticalrt PATHS "/opt/AMDAPP/lib" )
FIND_PATH( LIB_ATICAL_INCLUDE NAMES cal.h calcl.h PATHS "/opt/AMDAPP/include/CAL" )

現在我們編譯，然后安裝：

user@ubuntu:~/calpp-0.90$ sudo make install

由于CAL++已安裝，你可以下載pyrit的開發分支，完成安裝的其余步驟。

user@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install subversion
user@ubuntu:~$ svn checkout http://pyrit.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/ pyrit_svn
user@ubuntu:~$ cd pyrit_svn/cpyrit_calpp/

我有沒有提到這是開發版本？這意味著你得作幾個變更：

編輯setup.py第28行，應該是：
VERSION = '0.4.1-dev'

編輯setup.py第35行，應該是：
CALPP_INC_DIR = '/opt/AMDAPP'

編輯setup.py第41行，應該是：
CALPP_INC_DIRS.append(os.path.join(CALPP_INC_DIR, 'include/CAL'))

好了，我們已準備好了編譯和安裝：

user@ubuntu:~/pyrit_svn/cpyrit_calpp$ python setup.py build
user@ubuntu:~/pyrit_svn/cpyrit_calpp$ sudo python setup.py install
user@ubuntu:~/pyrit_svn/cpyrit_calpp$ cd ../pyrit/
user@ubuntu:~/pyrit_svn/pyrit$ python setup.py build
user@ubuntu:~/pyrit_svn/pyritsudo python setup.py install

#p# 向下滾動，即可看到基準測試部分下面的結果。我們得到了額外的20,000 PMK/s！

oclHashcat
oclHashcat的安裝極其容易。只要解壓縮即可。

user@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get install p7zip
user@ubuntu:~$ p7zip -d oclHashcat-0.26.7z

john

user@ubuntu:~$ wget http://www.openwall.com/john/g/john-1.7.8-jumbo-8.tar.bz2
user@ubuntu:~$ tar -jxvf john-1.7.8-jumbo-8.tar.bz2
user@ubuntu:~$ cd john-1.7.8-jumbo-8/src/
user@ubuntu:~/john-1.7.8-jumbo-8/src$ make linux-x86-64

接下來，我們下載了KoreLogic的Defcon 10規則集，并將它們添加到我們的john.conf

user@ubuntu:~/john-1.7.8-jumbo-8/src$ cd ../run
user@ubuntu:~/john-1.7.8-jumbo-8/run$ wget http://contest-2010.korelogic.com/rules.txt
user@ubuntu:~/john-1.7.8-jumbo-8/run$ cat rules.txt >> john.conf

rcracki

較新的彩虹表（Rainbow Table）是.RTI文件，這意味著它們是索引彩虹表，運行速度應該比普通彩虹表要快。由于我們有幾個這樣的彩虹表，所以需要安裝rcracki。
user@ubuntu:~$ wget http://www.freerainbowtables.com/download/rcracki_mt_0.6.6_src.7z
user@ubuntu:~$ p7zip -d rcracki_mt_0.6.6_src.7z
user@ubuntu:~$ cd rcracki_mt_0.6.6_src/

編輯Makefile，更改OPTIMIZATION變量，應該是：
OPTIMIZATION = -O3 -mtune=native
現在我們可以編譯了。

user@ubuntu:~/rcracki_mt_0.6.6_src$ make
user@ubuntu:~/rcracki_mt_0.6.6_src$ sudo make install
user@ubuntu:~/rcracki_mt_0.6.6_src$ cd ..
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo mv rcracki_mt_0.6.6_src /cracking/bin/
user@ubuntu:~$ cd /cracking/bin/rcracki_mt_0.6.6_src
user@ubuntu:~/rcracki_mt_0.6.6_src$ sudo mkdir src
user@ubuntu:~/rcracki_mt_0.6.6_src$ sudo mv BaseRTReader.* Cha* COPYING CrackEngine.* fast_md* global.h Hash* INSTALLING.txt lm2ntlm.* Makefile MemoryPool.* Public.* RainbowCrack.* rcrackiThread.* README.txt RT* sha1.* TODO src/
user@ubuntu:~/rcracki_mt_0.6.6_src$ sudo chmod o+w rcracki.*

rcrack

為了支持比較舊的.RT彩虹表，我們可以使用標準的rcrack。版本1.5是預先編譯的，所以安裝其實只是下載和解壓縮的過程。
user@ubuntu:~$ wget http://project-rainbowcrack.com/rainbowcrack-1.5-linux64.zip
user@ubuntu:~$ unzip rainbowcrack-1.5-linux64.zip

#p# 下載
彩虹表

設想一下：沒有大量彩虹表的密碼破解服務器會怎樣？幸好我們有一大批技術高手，所以沒必要把時間花在下載上。我們拷貝了以下的彩虹表：

fastlm_alpha-numeric#1-7_0
lm_all-space_1-7
lm_alpha_1-7
lm_alpha-numeric_1-7
lm_alpha-numeric-symbol32-space_1-7
ntlm-alpha-numeric-space_1-8
ntlm_alpha-space_1-9
ntlm_hybrid(loweralpha#6-6,numeric#1-3)
ntlm_hybrid(loweralpha#7-7,numeric#1-3)
ntlm_loweralpha-numeric-space_1-8
ntlm_loweralpha-numeric-symbol32-space_1-7_0
ntlm_loweralpha-space_1-9
ntlm_mixalpha-numeric_1-8
ntlm_mixalpha-numeric-all-space_1-6
ntlm_mixalpha-numeric-space_1-7_0
ntlm_numeric_1-12
Ophcrack_Tables-LM_Fast_Free
Ophcrack_Tables-NTLM_Free
sha1_loweralpha-numeric-space_1-8
wpa-h1kari_renderman
wpa-Offensive WPA Tables

字列表

字列表（Wordlist）是你似乎從來不嫌多的東西之一。我們匯集了一些流行的字列表；我確信，一旦服務器進入生產環境，我們會獲得其他字列表方面的許多建議。

user@ubuntu:/cracking/wordlists$ wget http://download.openwall.net/pub/wordlists/all.gz
user@ubuntu:/cracking/wordlists$ wget http://downloads.skullsecurity.org/passwords/rockyou.txt.bz2
user@ubuntu:/cracking/wordlists$ wget http://downloads.skullsecurity.org/passwords/500-worst-passwords.txt.bz2
user@ubuntu:/cracking/wordlists$ wget http://downloads.skullsecurity.org/passwords/twitter-banned.txt.bz2
user@ubuntu:/cracking/wordlists$ wget http://downloads.skullsecurity.org/passwords/english.txt.bz2
user@ubuntu:/cracking/wordlists$ bunzip2 *.bz2
user@ubuntu:/cracking/wordlists$ gunzip all.gz

#p# 支持多用戶環境
GPU破解

由于這個系統將由一群人來訪問，我想確保沒有誰干擾到別人。我寫了這個簡單的封裝程序，那樣要是有誰試圖使用oclHashcat或pyrit，而別人在使用，就會被告知不許這么做。

user@ubuntu:~$ cat /cracking/bin/gpu-crack
#!/bin/bash
#
# gpu-crack - Simple GPU cracker wrapper for multi-user
#             environments
#
# by Brad Antoniewicz
#
TMPFILE="/tmp/check.tmp"
ver="0.1"
SUDO_EXEC=/usr/bin/sudo
PYRIT_EXEC=/usr/local/bin/pyrit.real
HASHCAT_EXEC=/cracking/bin/oclhash/oclHashcat64.bin
isRunning=0;
echo -e "\n$0 v$ver"
echo "by brad a."
echo -e "-------------------------------------------------\n"
help() {
        echo "Usage:"
        echo -e "\t$0 [pyrit|hashcat] [options]\n"
        echo "Define what program you want to crack with (pyrit or hashcat)"
        echo "then provide the standard command line options that the cracker"
        echo "supports."
}
checkProc() {
        ps ax -o pid,user,etime,command | grep $1 | grep -v grep | grep -v $0 | sed -e 's/^ //' > $TMPFILE
        NUMPROC=`wc -l $TMPFILE | cut -d" " -f 1`
        if [[ $NUMPROC != 0 ]]; then
                echo -e "[!] Found $NUMPROC instance of $1 running\n"
                for ((i=1; i<=$NUMPROC; i++))
                do
#                        awk NR==$i "$TMPFILE"
                        PID=`awk NR==$i "$TMPFILE" | cut -d" " -f 1`
                        echo -e "\tPID: $PID"
                        echo -e "\tUser: `awk NR==$i "$TMPFILE" | cut -d" " -f 2`"
                        echo -e "\tRunning for: `awk NR==$i "$TMPFILE" | awk '{print $3}'`"
                        echo -e "\n"
                        isRunning=1;
                done
        else
                echo -e "[-] No instances of $1 found"
        fi
}
launchProc() {
        count=0;
        for x in "$@"
        do
                if [ $count != 0 ]; then
                        cmdlineArgs=$cmdlineArgs" "$x
                fi
                let count++
        done
        echo "[+] Launching $1 with the following options"
        echo -e "\t $cmdlineArgs"
        if [[ $1 == "pyrit" ]]; then
                echo "[+] Running Pyrit"
                $SUDO_EXEC $PYRIT_EXEC $cmdlineArgs
        elif [[ $1 == "hashcat" ]]; then
                echo "[+] Running oclHashcat"
                $SUDO_EXEC $HASHCAT_EXEC $cmdlineArgs
        fi
}
if [[ $# -ge 2 ]] && [[ $1 == "pyrit" || $1 == "hashcat" ]]; then
        echo "[+] Checking for conflicting processes"
        checkProc "pyrit"
        checkProc "oclHash"
        if [ $isRunning == 0 ]; then
                launchProc $@
        else
                echo "[!!] Found conflicting process, contact owner and make it stop!"
        fi
else
        help
fi

#p# 一般訪問

由于rcrack、 rcracki和john某種程度上需要從各自的程序目錄下運行，于是我創建了幾個別名，讓用戶可以輕松進入到合適的位置。另外，我們把大多數這些安裝放到了一個集中位置（/cracking/bin），那樣我們就能輕松維護（沒有這些工具的實際程序包）。
user@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/profile.d/pwserver.sh
#
# Set up all of the paths, directories, etc.. for password cracking
# by brad a.
#
alias john='cd /cracking/bin/john-bin; echo Changing directory - Please run john from here with ./john'
alias rcrack='cd /cracking/bin/rainbowcrack; echo -e "Changing directory - Please run rcrack from here with:\n./rcrack /path/to/tables/*.rt -f /path/to/pwdump"'
alias rcracki='cd /cracking/bin/rcracki_mt; echo -e "Changing directory - Please run rcracki from here with:\n./rcracki -f /path/to/pwdump /path/to/tables/"'
PATH=$PATH:/cracking/bin
export PATH

更改當日消息（MOTD）

要是沒有有意思的MOTD，Foundstone服務器會是什么樣？我忽略了實際的歡迎信息（存儲在/etc/motd.tail中），因為它可能讓人有點不快，以下是登錄時啟動的統計腳本。
user@ubuntu:~$ cd /etc/update-motd.d
user@ubuntu:/etc/update-motd.d$ sudo chmod -x *
user@ubuntu:/etc/update-motd.d$ sudo touch 10-pwserver
user@ubuntu:/etc/update-motd.d$ sudo chmod +x 10-pwserver
user@ubuntu:/etc/update-motd.d$ cat 10-pwserver
#!/bin/bash
#
#
# by Brad Antoniewicz
#
[ -f /etc/motd.tail ] && cat /etc/motd.tail || true
TMPFILE="/tmp/check.tmp"
ver="0.1"
isRunning=0;
processes="oclHashcat64.bin hashcat pyrit oclHash john rcrack rcracki rcracki_mt"
checkProc() {
        ps ax -o pid,user,etime,command | grep -w $1 | grep -v grep | grep -v $0 | sed -e 's/^ //' > $TMPFILE
        NUMPROC=`wc -l $TMPFILE | cut -d" " -f 1`
        if [[ $NUMPROC != 0 ]]; then
                for ((i=1; i<=$NUMPROC; i++))
                do
#                        awk NR==$i "$TMPFILE"
                        PID=`awk NR==$i "$TMPFILE" | cut -d" " -f 1`
                        echo -e "\tUser: `awk NR==$i "$TMPFILE" | cut -d" " -f 2` - Process: $1 - PID: $PID - Running For: `awk NR==$i "$TMPFILE" | awk '{print $3}'`"
                        isRunning=1;
                done
        fi
}
        echo Processes currently running
        for i in $processes
        do
                checkProc $i
        done
        if [ $isRunning == 0 ]; then
                echo -e "\tNone!"
        fi

#p# 基準測試

pyrit

我們的pyrit基準測試結果相當不錯：

user@ubuntu:~$ gpu-crack pyrit benchmark
/usr/local/bin/gpu-crack v0.1by brad a.
-------------------------------------------------
[+] Checking for conflicting processes
[-] No instances of pyrit found
[-] No instances of oclHash found
[+] Launching pyrit with the following options
benchmark
[+] Running Pyrit
Pyrit 0.4.1-dev (svn r308) (C) 2008-2011 Lukas Lueg http://pyrit.googlecode.com
This code is distributed under the GNU General Public License v3+
Running benchmark (172644.8 PMKs/s)... /
Computed 172644.84 PMKs/s total.
#1: 'CAL++ Device #1 'AMD CAYMAN'': 51245.4 PMKs/s (RTT 1.0)
#2: 'CAL++ Device #2 'AMD CAYMAN'': 47993.0 PMKs/s (RTT 1.0)
#3: 'CAL++ Device #3 'AMD CAYMAN'': 51163.7 PMKs/s (RTT 1.0)
#4: 'CAL++ Device #4 'AMD CAYMAN'': 52829.2 PMKs/s (RTT 0.9)
#5: 'CPU-Core (SSE2/AES)': 713.9 PMKs/s (RTT 2.9)
#6: 'CPU-Core (SSE2/AES)': 736.3 PMKs/s (RTT 3.0)
#7: 'CPU-Core (SSE2/AES)': 821.7 PMKs/s (RTT 2.9)
#8: 'CPU-Core (SSE2/AES)': 763.8 PMKs/s (RTT 3.0)
:~$

#p# oclHashcat

oclHashcat看起來同樣很好。引起我注意的一點是HW Monitors 2-4顯示0% GPU。我不確信這是怎么回事，但肯定需要我好好調查一番。

user@ubuntu:~$ sudo ./oclExample.sh
oclHashcat v0.26 by atom starting...
Digests: 6494 entries, 6494 unique
Bitmaps: 16 bits, 65536 entries, 0x0000ffff mask, 262144 bytes
Platform: AMD compatible platform found
Watchdog: Temperature limit set to 90c
Device #1: Cayman, 1024MB, 0Mhz, 22MCU
Device #2: Cayman, 1024MB, 0Mhz, 22MCU
Device #3: Cayman, 1024MB, 0Mhz, 22MCU
Device #4: Cayman, 1024MB, 0Mhz, 22MCU
NOTE: gpu-accel auto-adjusted to: 16
Device #1: Kernel ./kernels/4098/m0000.Cayman.64.kernel
Device #2: Kernel ./kernels/4098/m0000.Cayman.64.kernel
Device #3: Kernel ./kernels/4098/m0000.Cayman.64.kernel
Device #4: Kernel ./kernels/4098/m0000.Cayman.64.kernel
42cceb8a0d3ca82b8fb6831f38e52a11:mega00000000
7becb9424f38abff581f6f2a82ff436a:sail00
--- CUT ----
c7d956020b614de2dd7772d22cdd459f:palytandra
[s]tatus [p]ause [r]esume [q]uit =>
Status.......: Exhausted
Hash.Type....: MD5
Mode.Left....: Mask '?l?l?l?l' (456976)
Mode.Right...: Dict 'example.dict' (129988)
Speed.GPU*...: 1761.3M/s
Recovered....: 1359/6494 Digests, 0/1 Salts
Progress.....: 59401396288/59401396288 (100.00%)
Running......: 18 secs
Estimated....: 0 secs
HW.Monitor.#1: 74% GPU, 71c Temp
HW.Monitor.#2: 0% GPU, 53c Temp
HW.Monitor.#3: 0% GPU, 43c Temp
HW.Monitor.#4: 0% GPU, 42c Temp
Started: Tue Nov 22 20:25:38 2011
Stopped: Tue Nov 22 20:25:56 2011

#p# john

john只使用處理器，所以這方面沒有出色的GPU統計數字，但仍有一些出色的結果。

john-1.7.8-jumbo-7/run$ ./john --test=30
Benchmarking: Traditional DES [128/128 BS SSE2-16]... DONE
Many salts: 4670K c/s real, 4685K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 3908K c/s real, 3920K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: BSDI DES (x725) [128/128 BS SSE2-16]... DONE
Many salts: 168806 c/s real, 169314 c/s virtual
Only one salt: 163686 c/s real, 164178 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: FreeBSD MD5 [8x]... DONE
Raw: 9768 c/s real, 9798 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: OpenBSD Blowfish (x32) [32/64 X2]... DONE
Raw: 870 c/s real, 873 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Kerberos AFS DES [48/64 4K]... DONE
Short: 478762 c/s real, 480203 c/s virtual
Long: 1582K c/s real, 1587K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: LM DES [128/128 BS SSE2-16]... DONE
Raw: 25261K c/s real, 25337K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Eggdrop [blowfish]... DONE
Raw: 29104 c/s real, 29191 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: DIGEST-MD5 [DIGEST-MD5 authentication]... DONE
Many salts: 1870K c/s real, 1876K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 1871K c/s real, 1876K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: More Secure Internet Password [RSA MD defined by BSAFE 1.x - Lotus v6]... DONE
Many salts: 101443 c/s real, 101748 c/s virtual
Only one salt: 60196 c/s real, 60378 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: EPiServer SID Hashes [SHA-1]... DONE
Many salts: 5542K c/s real, 5560K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 5257K c/s real, 5273K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: HTTP Digest access authentication [HDAA-MD5]... DONE
Many salts: 1988K c/s real, 1995K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 1940K c/s real, 1945K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: IPB2 MD5 [Invision Power Board 2.x salted MD5]... DONE
Many salts: 3988K c/s real, 4000K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 2485K c/s real, 2492K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Kerberos v4 TGT [krb4 DES]... DONE
Raw: 3601K c/s real, 3612K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Kerberos v5 TGT [krb5 3DES (des3-cbc-sha1)]... DONE
Raw: 63938 c/s real, 64130 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: MSCHAPv2 C/R MD4 DES [mschapv2]... DONE
Many salts: 3654K c/s real, 3666K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 2632K c/s real, 2640K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: MYSQL_fast [mysql-fast]... DONE
Raw: 42879K c/s real, 43009K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: MYSQL [mysql]... DONE
Raw: 5170K c/s real, 5185K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: LM C/R DES [netlm]... DONE
Many salts: 3621K c/s real, 3632K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 1216K c/s real, 1220K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: LMv2 C/R MD4 HMAC-MD5 [netlmv2]... DONE
Many salts: 1124K c/s real, 1127K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 908930 c/s real, 911665 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: NTLMv1 C/R MD4 DES [ESS MD5] [netntlm]... DONE
Many salts: 3651K c/s real, 3664K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 2652K c/s real, 2660K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: NTLMv2 C/R MD4 HMAC-MD5 [netntlmv2]... DONE
Many salts: 985779 c/s real, 989076 c/s virtual
Only one salt: 821367 c/s real, 823563 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: HalfLM C/R DES [nethalflm]... DONE
Many salts: 3622K c/s real, 3633K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 1825K c/s real, 1831K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Netscape LDAP SSHA [salted SHA-1]... DONE
Many salts: 5197K c/s real, 5215K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 4738K c/s real, 4752K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Netscape LDAP SHA [SHA-1]... DONE
Raw: 5029K c/s real, 5046K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Netscreen MD5 [NS MD5]... DONE
Raw: 6159K c/s real, 6180K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: NT MD4 [128/128 X2 SSE2-16]... DONE
Raw: 47690K c/s real, 47849K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: OpenLDAP SSHA [salted SHA-1]... DONE
Many salts: 5281K c/s real, 5299K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 4883K c/s real, 4896K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: PHPS -- md5(md5($pass).$salt) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 9277K c/s real, 9305K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 3937K c/s real, 3949K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Post.Office MD5 [STD]... DONE
Many salts: 4450K c/s real, 4463K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 4135K c/s real, 4146K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Mac OS X 10.4 - 10.6 salted SHA-1 [32/64]... DONE
Many salts: 5886K c/s real, 5903K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 5575K c/s real, 5591K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: HMAC MD5 [hmac-md5]... DONE
Raw: 2043K c/s real, 2049K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Lotus5 [Lotus v5 Proprietary]... DONE
Raw: 202395 c/s real, 203004 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Generic salted MD4 [32/64]... DONE
Many salts: 9250K c/s real, 9278K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 8647K c/s real, 8673K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: MediaWiki -- md5($s.'-'.md5($p)) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 8465K c/s real, 8490K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 3815K c/s real, 3827K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: M$ Cache Hash [Generic 1x]... DONE
Many salts: 21450K c/s real, 21522K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 8711K c/s real, 8734K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: M$ Cache Hash 2 (DCC2) [SSE2-para 8x]... DONE
Raw: 402 c/s real, 403 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: MS Kerberos 5 AS-REQ Pre-Auth [mskrb5]... DONE
Many salts: 1153K c/s real, 1157K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 634491 c/s real, 636400 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: MS-SQL [mssql]... DONE
Many salts: 5505K c/s real, 5523K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 4844K c/s real, 4858K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: MS-SQL05 [ms-sql05]... DONE
Many salts: 5502K c/s real, 5521K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 5141K c/s real, 5156K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: MySQL 4.1 double-SHA-1 [mysql-sha1]... DONE
Raw: 2713K c/s real, 2722K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Oracle 11g [oracle11]... DONE
Many salts: 5270K c/s real, 5287K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 4746K c/s real, 4759K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Oracle [oracle]... DONE
Raw: 929803 c/s real, 932601 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: PHPass MD5 [SSE2 2x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 4891 c/s real, 4905 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: PIX MD5 [pix-md5]... DONE
Raw: 6940K c/s real, 6963K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: pkzip [N/A]... DONE
Many salts: 10279K c/s real, 10314K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 7708K c/s real, 7731K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Raw MD4 [32/64]... DONE
Raw: 9177K c/s real, 9205K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Raw MD5 [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 8754K c/s real, 8780K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Raw SHA-1(8x) [SHA-1]... DONE
Raw: 7107K c/s real, 7128K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5(unicode($p)) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 7508K c/s real, 7531K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Salted SHA(8x) [SHA-1]... DONE
Many salts: 7616K c/s real, 7638K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 6608K c/s real, 6628K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: SAP BCODE [sapb]... DONE
Many salts: 2387K c/s real, 2394K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 2047K c/s real, 2054K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: SAP CODVN G (PASSCODE) [sapg]... DONE
Many salts: 1753K c/s real, 1758K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 1647K c/s real, 1651K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Generic salted SHA-1 [32/64]... DONE
Many salts: 5175K c/s real, 5191K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 4947K c/s real, 4962K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Tripcode DES [48/64 4K]... DONE
Raw: 383812 c/s real, 384967 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(0): md5($p) (raw-md5) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 8783K c/s real, 8809K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(1): md5($p.$s) (joomla) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 8105K c/s real, 8130K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 6881K c/s real, 6901K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(2): md5(md5($p)) (e107) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 4504K c/s real, 4517K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(3): md5(md5(md5($p))) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 3028K c/s real, 3037K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(4): md5($s.$p) (OSC) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 8218K c/s real, 8246K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 6975K c/s real, 6996K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(5): md5($s.$p.$s) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 7621K c/s real, 7647K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 6508K c/s real, 6527K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(6): md5(md5($p).$s) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 9179K c/s real, 9210K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 3980K c/s real, 3992K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(8): md5(md5($s).$p) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 8335K c/s real, 8363K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 7023K c/s real, 7044K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(9): md5($s.md5($p)) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 8166K c/s real, 8193K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 3772K c/s real, 3783K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(10): md5($s.md5($s.$p)) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 4129K c/s real, 4143K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 3774K c/s real, 3786K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(11): md5($s.md5($p.$s)) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 4150K c/s real, 4164K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 3798K c/s real, 3809K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(12): md5(md5($s).md5($p)) (IPB) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 4408K c/s real, 4423K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 2623K c/s real, 2631K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(13): md5(md5($p).md5($s)) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 4404K c/s real, 4419K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 2626K c/s real, 2634K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(14): md5($s.md5($p).$s) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 7626K c/s real, 7649K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 3795K c/s real, 3806K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(15): md5($u.md5($p).$s) [64x2 (MD5_Body)]... DONE
Many salts: 9853K c/s real, 9883K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 4757K c/s real, 4772K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(16): md5(md5(md5($p).$s).$s2) [64x2 (MD5_Body)]... DONE
Many salts: 5344K c/s real, 5362K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 3170K c/s real, 3179K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(17): phpass ($P$ or $H$) [SSE2 2x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 4902 c/s real, 4915 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(18): md5($s.Y.$p.0xF7.$s) (Post.Office MD5) [64x2 (MD5_Body)]... DONE
Many salts: 4341K c/s real, 4354K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 3981K c/s real, 3993K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(19): Cisco PIX (MD5) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 7481K c/s real, 7503K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(20): Cisco PIX (MD5 salted) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 8171K c/s real, 8196K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 6907K c/s real, 6928K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(21): HTTP Digest Access Auth [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 2027K c/s real, 2033K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 1960K c/s real, 1966K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(22): md5(sha1($p)) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 3391K c/s real, 3401K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(23): sha1(md5($p)) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 3223K c/s real, 3233K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(24): sha1($p.$s) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 6076K c/s real, 6094K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 5242K c/s real, 5258K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(25): sha1($s.$p) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 5946K c/s real, 5964K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 5315K c/s real, 5331K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(26): sha1($p) raw-sha1 [4x2]... DONE
Raw: 6373K c/s real, 6393K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(27): FreeBSD MD5 [SSE2 4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 9502 c/s real, 9531 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(28): Apache MD5 [SSE2 4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 9456 c/s real, 9485 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(29): md5(unicode($p)) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 7411K c/s real, 7436K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(1001) md5(md5(md5(md5($p)))) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 2270K c/s real, 2278K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(1002) md5(md5(md5(md5(md5($p))))) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 1823K c/s real, 1829K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(1003) md5(md5($p).md5($p)) [64x2 (MD5_Body)]... DONE
Raw: 2896K c/s real, 2905K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(1004) md5(md5(md5(md5(md5(md5($p)))))) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 1523K c/s real, 1528K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(1005) md5(md5(md5(md5(md5(md5(md5($p))))))) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 1308K c/s real, 1312K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(1006) md5(md5(md5(md5(md5(md5(md5(md5($p)))))))) [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Raw: 1145K c/s real, 1149K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: md5_gen(1008) md5($p.$s) [joomla] [SSE2 16x4x2 (intr)]... DONE
Many salts: 8105K c/s real, 8130K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 6868K c/s real, 6889K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Raw SHA-224 [32/64]... DONE
Raw: 2577K c/s real, 2584K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Raw SHA-256 [32/64]... DONE
Raw: 2600K c/s real, 2608K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Raw SHA-384 [64/64]... DONE
Raw: 2054K c/s real, 2061K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Raw SHA-512 [64/64]... DONE
Raw: 2054K c/s real, 2060K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: Mac OS X 10.7+ salted SHA-512 [64/64]... DONE
Many salts: 2098K c/s real, 2104K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 2056K c/s real, 2062K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: hmailserver [32/64]... DONE
Many salts: 2607K c/s real, 2614K c/s virtual
Only one salt: 2488K c/s real, 2495K c/s virtual
Benchmarking: sybasease [32/64]... DONE
Many salts: 344041 c/s real, 345076 c/s virtual
Only one salt: 341478 c/s real, 342505 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: generic crypt(3) [?/64]... DONE
Many salts: 405132 c/s real, 406351 c/s virtual
Only one salt: 403443 c/s real, 404657 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: ssh [32/64]... DONE
Raw: 268979 c/s real, 269878 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: pdf [32/64]... DONE
Many salts: 22014 c/s real, 22087 c/s virtual
Only one salt: 45401 c/s real, 45537 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: rar [32/64]... DONE
Raw: 48.2 c/s real, 48.3 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: zip [32/64]... DONE
Raw: 766 c/s real, 769 c/s virtual
Benchmarking: dummy [N/A]... DONE
Raw: 126288K c/s real, 126710K c/s virtual

結束語
與許多安裝一樣，我們開始遇到了幾個小麻煩，但是現在我們的服務器看起來很好。在我們將它投入到實際生產環境之前，我們將鎖定用戶權限、角色，并設置了幾項計劃任務（cron job），確保系統整潔。

原文鏈接：http://blog.opensecurityresearch.com/2011/11/setting-up-password-cracking-server.html

責任編輯：張玉來源： 51CTO

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