Linux硬件信息命令大全
作者：stallonederek譯
在Linux系統(tǒng)中，有很多命令可以用于查詢主機(jī)的硬件信息，有些命令僅僅針對于特定的硬件部件，比如cpu，內(nèi)存等，而有些命令可以查詢很多的硬件信息。本文帶大家了解一下最常用的查詢各種硬件信息的命令，其中包括lscpu,hwinfo,lshw,dmidecode,lspci等等。
硬件信息
在Linux系統(tǒng)中，有很多命令可以用于查詢主機(jī)的硬件信息，有些命令僅僅針對于特定的硬件部件，比如cpu，內(nèi)存等，而有些命令可以查詢很多的硬件信息。
這篇帖子簡單地帶大家了解一下最常用的查詢各種硬件信息的命令，其中包括lscpu、hwinfo、lshw、dmidecode、lspci等等。
1. lscpu
lscpu命令可以用來查詢處理器cpu的詳細(xì)信息，只需要簡單地輸入lscpu即可，如下所示，它本身也沒有提供更多選項(xiàng)和功能可供選擇。
- $ lscpu
- Architecture: x86_64
- CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit
- Byte Order: Little Endian
- CPU(s): 4
- On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3
- Thread(s) per core: 1
- Core(s) per socket: 4
- Socket(s): 1
- NUMA node(s): 1
- Vendor ID: GenuineIntel
- CPU family: 6
- Model: 23
- Stepping: 10
- CPU MHz: 1998.000
- BogoMIPS: 5302.48
- Virtualization: VT-x
- L1d cache: 32K
- L1i cache: 32K
- L2 cache: 2048K
- NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
2. lshw - 顯示硬件信息列表
這個(gè)命令用途廣泛，它可以根據(jù)你的需求以詳細(xì)或概要的形式列出許多個(gè)不同硬件的參數(shù)信息，其中包括cpu，內(nèi)存，磁盤，usb控制器，網(wǎng)卡等等，lshw實(shí)質(zhì)上是從/proc文件目錄下的不同文件中提取對應(yīng)的硬件信息。
- $ sudo lshw -short
- H/W path Device Class Description
- ===================================================
- system ()
- /0 bus DG35EC
- /0/0 processor Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz
- /0/0/1 memory 2MiB L2 cache
- /0/0/3 memory 32KiB L1 cache
- /0/2 memory 32KiB L1 cache
- /0/4 memory 64KiB BIOS
- /0/14 memory 8GiB System Memory
- /0/14/0 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)
- /0/14/1 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)
- /0/14/2 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)
- /0/14/3 memory 2GiB DIMM DDR2 Synchronous 667 MHz (1.5 ns)
- /0/100 bridge 82G35 Express DRAM Controller
- /0/100/2 display 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller
- /0/100/2.1 display 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller
- /0/100/19 eth0 network 82566DC Gigabit Network Connection
- /0/100/1a bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4
- /0/100/1a.1 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5
- /0/100/1a.7 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2
- /0/100/1b multimedia 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller
- /0/100/1c bridge 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 1
- /0/100/1c.1 bridge 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 2
- /0/100/1c.2 bridge 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 3
- /0/100/1c.2/0 storage JMB368 IDE controller
- /0/100/1d bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1
- /0/100/1d.1 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2
- /0/100/1d.2 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3
- /0/100/1d.7 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1
- /0/100/1e bridge 82801 PCI Bridge
- /0/100/1e/5 bus FW322/323 [TrueFire] 1394a Controller
- /0/100/1f bridge 82801HB/HR (ICH8/R) LPC Interface Controller
- /0/100/1f.2 storage 82801H (ICH8 Family) 4 port SATA Controller [IDE mode]
- /0/100/1f.3 bus 82801H (ICH8 Family) SMBus Controller
- /0/100/1f.5 storage 82801HR/HO/HH (ICH8R/DO/DH) 2 port SATA Controller [IDE m
- /0/1 scsi3 storage
- /0/1/0.0.0 /dev/sda disk 500GB ST3500418AS
- /0/1/0.0.0/1 /dev/sda1 volume 70GiB Windows NTFS volume
- /0/1/0.0.0/2 /dev/sda2 volume 395GiB Extended partition
- /0/1/0.0.0/2/5 /dev/sda5 volume 97GiB HPFS/NTFS partition
- /0/1/0.0.0/2/6 /dev/sda6 volume 97GiB Linux filesystem partition
- /0/1/0.0.0/2/7 /dev/sda7 volume 1952MiB Linux swap / Solaris partition
- /0/1/0.0.0/2/8 /dev/sda8 volume 198GiB Linux filesystem partition
- /0/3 scsi4 storage
- /0/3/0.0.0 /dev/cdrom disk DVD RW DRU-190A
點(diǎn)擊下面的帖子，可以對lshw有更多的了解。
3. hwinfo - Hardware Information
hwinfo同樣是一個(gè)使用非常廣泛的硬件信息查詢命令，類似于lshw，它同樣可以詳細(xì)或概要地報(bào)告多個(gè)部件的硬件信息，但不同的是，它有時(shí)可以給出比lshw更多的信息。
- $ hwinfo --short
- cpu:
- Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2000 MHz
- Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2000 MHz
- Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2666 MHz
- Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Quad CPU Q8400 @ 2.66GHz, 2666 MHz
- keyboard:
- /dev/input/event2 AT Translated Set 2 keyboard
- mouse:
- /dev/input/mice Microsoft Basic Optical Mouse v2.0
- graphics card:
- Intel 965G-1
- Intel 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller
- sound:
- Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller
- storage:
- Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) 4 port SATA IDE Controller
- Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) 2 port SATA IDE Controller
- JMicron JMB368 IDE controller
- network:
- eth0 Intel 82566DC Gigabit Network Connection
- network interface:
- eth0 Ethernet network interface
- lo Loopback network interface
- disk:
- /dev/sda ST3500418AS
- partition:
- /dev/sda1 Partition
- /dev/sda2 Partition
- /dev/sda5 Partition
- /dev/sda6 Partition
- /dev/sda7 Partition
- /dev/sda8 Partition
- cdrom:
- /dev/sr0 SONY DVD RW DRU-190A
- usb controller:
- Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4
- Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5
- Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2
- Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1
- Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2
- Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3
- Intel 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1
- bios:
- BIOS
- ... TRUNCATED ...
點(diǎn)擊下面的鏈接可以查看更多關(guān)于hwinfo的信息。
4. lspci - 顯示pci總線相關(guān)信息
lscpi命令可以列出pci總線上信息，以及所有連接到pci總線上的設(shè)備信息，比如VGA適配器，顯卡，網(wǎng)卡，usb端口，sata控制器等等。
- $ lspci
- 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 82G35 Express DRAM Controller (rev 03)
- 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03)
- 00:02.1 Display controller: Intel Corporation 82G35 Express Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 03)
- 00:19.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82566DC Gigabit Network Connection (rev 02)
- 00:1a.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #4 (rev 02)
- 00:1a.1 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #5 (rev 02)
- 00:1a.7 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2 (rev 02)
- 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 02)
- 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 1 (rev 02)
- 00:1c.1 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 2 (rev 02)
- 00:1c.2 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) PCI Express Port 3 (rev 02)
- 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #1 (rev 02)
- 00:1d.1 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #2 (rev 02)
- 00:1d.2 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB UHCI Controller #3 (rev 02)
- 00:1d.7 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #1 (rev 02)
- 00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 82801 PCI Bridge (rev f2)
- 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82801HB/HR (ICH8/R) LPC Interface Controller (rev 02)
- 00:1f.2 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) 4 port SATA Controller [IDE mode] (rev 02)
- 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation 82801H (ICH8 Family) SMBus Controller (rev 02)
- 00:1f.5 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82801HR/HO/HH (ICH8R/DO/DH) 2 port SATA Controller [IDE mode] (rev 02)
- 03:00.0 IDE interface: JMicron Technology Corp. JMB368 IDE controller
- 04:05.0 FireWire (IEEE 1394): LSI Corporation FW322/323 [TrueFire] 1394a Controller (rev 70)
可以使用grep命令篩選出特定的設(shè)備信息。
- $ lspci -v | grep "VGA" -A 12
5. lsscsi - 列出scsi設(shè)備信息
列出scsi/sata設(shè)備信息，比如硬盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器，光盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器。
- $ lsscsi
- [3:0:0:0] disk ATA ST3500418AS CC38 /dev/sda
- [4:0:0:0] cd/dvd SONY DVD RW DRU-190A 1.63 /dev/sr0
6. lsusb - 列出usb總線信息，及設(shè)備信息
該命令可以顯示USB控制器及連接到控制的設(shè)備信息。默認(rèn)情況下，只顯示概要信息，可以通過-v選項(xiàng)指示其顯示更多的硬件信息。
- $ lsusb
- Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
- Bus 007 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
- Bus 006 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
- Bus 005 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. Basic Optical Mouse v2.0
- Bus 005 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
- Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
- Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
- Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
上面信息顯示，在該系統(tǒng)中，有一個(gè)usb端口正被鼠標(biāo)占用。
7. Inxi
inxi命令是一個(gè)大的bash腳本文件，其通過從不同的信息來源和命令中獲取硬件信息，最后能給出一個(gè)顏色高亮的，適合于非專業(yè)人員閱讀的硬件信息報(bào)告。
- $ inxi -Fx
8. lsblk - 列出塊設(shè)備信息
列出所有塊設(shè)備信息，其中包括硬盤分區(qū)信息，以及其他存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備，如光盤，閃存等。
- $ lsblk
- NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
- sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk
- ├─sda1 8:1 0 70G 0 part
- ├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
- ├─sda5 8:5 0 97.7G 0 part /media/4668484A68483B47
- ├─sda6 8:6 0 97.7G 0 part /
- ├─sda7 8:7 0 1.9G 0 part [SWAP]
- └─sda8 8:8 0 198.5G 0 part /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1
- sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
9. df - 顯示文件系統(tǒng)的磁盤空間信息
報(bào)告各種掛載的文件系統(tǒng)信息，其中包括掛載點(diǎn)，已用的，可用的磁盤空間。
- $ df -H
- Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
- /dev/sda6 104G 26G 73G 26% /
- none 4.1k 0 4.1k 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
- udev 4.2G 4.1k 4.2G 1% /dev
- tmpfs 837M 1.6M 835M 1% /run
- none 5.3M 0 5.3M 0% /run/lock
- none 4.2G 13M 4.2G 1% /run/shm
- none 105M 21k 105M 1% /run/user
- /dev/sda8 210G 149G 51G 75% /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1
- /dev/sda5 105G 31G 75G 30% /media/4668484A68483B47
10. pydf - python版本的df
一個(gè)增強(qiáng)型的python版的df命令，可以以不同的顏色顯示所查詢的信息，看起來比df更好看。
- $ pydf
- Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
- /dev/sda6 96G 23G 68G 24.4 [#.....] /
- /dev/sda8 195G 138G 47G 70.6 [####..] /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1
- /dev/sda5 98G 28G 69G 29.2 [##....] /media/4668484A68483B47
11. fdisk
fdisk命令可以用來修改硬盤分區(qū)表信息，也可以用來顯示硬盤分區(qū)表信息
- $ sudo fdisk -l
- Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
- 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
- Units = sectors of 1 * 512512 = 512 bytes
- Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
- Disk identifier: 0x30093008
- Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
- /dev/sda1 * 63 146801969 73400953+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
- /dev/sda2 146802031 976771071 414984520+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
- /dev/sda5 146802033 351614654 102406311 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
- /dev/sda6 351614718 556427339 102406311 83 Linux
- /dev/sda7 556429312 560427007 1998848 82 Linux swap / Solaris
- /dev/sda8 560429056 976771071 208171008 83 Linux
12. mount
mount命令可以用來掛載設(shè)備，當(dāng)然也可以用來查看系統(tǒng)中設(shè)備的掛載情況。
- $ mount | column -t
- /dev/sda6 on / type ext4 (rw,errors=remount-ro)
- proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
- sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
- none on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (rw)
- none on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw)
- none on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw)
- none on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw)
- udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,mode=0755)
- devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=0620)
- tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,size=10%,mode=0755)
- none on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=5242880)
- none on /run/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
- none on /run/user type tmpfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,size=104857600,mode=0755)
- none on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw)
- /dev/sda8 on /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 type ext4 (rw,nosuid,nodev,errors=remount-ro)
- /dev/sda5 on /media/4668484A68483B47 type fuseblk (rw,nosuid,nodev,allow_other,blksize=4096)
- binfmt_misc on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type binfmt_misc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
- systemd on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev,none,name=systemd)
- gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,user=enlightened)
同樣，可以使用grep命令來篩選出想看的文件系統(tǒng)信息。
- $ mount | column -t | grep ext
13. free - 查看RAM信息
查看系統(tǒng)中RAM的使用情況，包括已使用空間，未使用空間，以及總空間。
- $ free -m
- total used free shared buffers cached
- Mem: 7975 5865 2110 0 24 622
- -/+ buffers/cache: 5218 2757
- Swap: 1951 921 1030
14. dmidecode
dmidecode命令不同于其他的命令，它是通過讀取SMBOIS數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)（也稱為DMI表）中數(shù)據(jù)來提取硬件信息。
- # 顯示處理器信息
- $ sudo dmidecode -t processor
- # 顯示內(nèi)存信息
- $ sudo dmidecode -t memory
- # 顯示bios信息
- $ sudo dmidecode -t bios
查看man手冊獲取更多信息。
15. /proc 文件系統(tǒng)
在/proc目錄下的許多虛擬文件包含了很多有關(guān)硬件參數(shù)及配置的信息。
CPU、內(nèi)存信息
- # cpu信息
- $ cat /proc/cpuinfo
- # 內(nèi)存信息
- $ cat /proc/meminfo
Linux內(nèi)核信息
- $ cat /proc/version
- Linux version 3.11.0-12-generic (buildd@allspice) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu7) ) #19-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 9 16:20:46 UTC 2013
SCSI/Sata設(shè)備信息
- $ cat /proc/scsi/scsi
- Attached devices:
- Host: scsi3 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
- Vendor: ATA Model: ST3500418AS Rev: CC38
- Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05
- Host: scsi4 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
- Vendor: SONY Model: DVD RW DRU-190A Rev: 1.63
- Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 05
分區(qū)信息
- $ cat /proc/partitions
- major minor #blocks name
- 8 0 488386584 sda
- 8 1 73400953 sda1
- 8 2 1 sda2
- 8 5 102406311 sda5
- 8 6 102406311 sda6
- 8 7 1998848 sda7
- 8 8 208171008 sda8
- 11 0 1048575 sr0
16. hdparm
hdparm命令可以獲取sata設(shè)備如硬盤等設(shè)備信息。
- $ sudo hdparm -i /dev/sda
- /dev/sda:
- Model=ST3500418AS, FwRev=CC38, SerialNo=9VMJXV1N
- Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec Fixed DTR>10Mbs RotSpdTol>.5% }
- RawCHS=16383/16/63, TrkSize=0, SectSize=0, ECCbytes=4
- BuffType=unknown, BuffSize=16384kB, MaxMultSect=16, MultSect=16
- CurCHS=16383/16/63, CurSects=16514064, LBA=yes, LBAsects=976773168
- IORDY=on/off, tPIO={min:120,w/IORDY:120}, tDMA={min:120,rec:120}
- PIO modes: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
- DMA modes: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2
- UDMA modes: udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6
- AdvancedPM=no WriteCache=enabled
- Drive conforms to: unknown: ATA/ATAPI-4,5,6,7
- * signifies the current active mode
總結(jié)
每一個(gè)命令在獲取信息的方式會(huì)稍微有些不同，在查詢某一設(shè)備時(shí)，你也有可能要結(jié)合多個(gè)命令才能獲取你想要的硬件信息。不過，這些命令都可以在大多數(shù)的linux發(fā)行版中找到，可以很容易地從默認(rèn)的倉庫中獲取安裝。
在桌面版系統(tǒng)中，還有一個(gè)便于使用的圖形界面的工具，比如Hardinfo、I-nex就是其中非常流行的工具，他們可以提供多個(gè)硬件部件的詳細(xì)信息。
via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-commands-hardware-info/
譯者：stallonederek 校對：wxy
責(zé)任編輯：黃丹
來源：
linux.cn
