# 基礎(chǔ)用法
for idx, item in enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c']):
    print(f"{idx}: {item}")

# 指定起始索引
for idx, item in enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c'], start=1):
    print(f"{idx}: {item}")

# 獲取索引-值對的字典
d = {idx: item for idx, item in enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c'])}

# 反向索引
for idx, item in enumerate(reversed(['a', 'b', 'c'])):
    print(idx, item)

# 基本用法
names = ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie']
ages = [25, 30, 28]
for name, age in zip(names, ages):
    print(f"{name}: {age}")

# 解包多個列表
a, b, c = zip(*[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)])

# 創(chuàng)建字典
d = dict(zip(names, ages))

# 處理不同長度的序列
from itertools import zip_longest
for name, age in zip_longest(names, ages, fillvalue='Unknown'):
    print(name, age)

# 基礎(chǔ)用法
numbers = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']
result = list(map(int, numbers))

# 使用lambda函數(shù)
squared = list(map(lambda x: x ** 2, range(10)))

# 多序列映射
a = [1, 2, 3]
b = [4, 5, 6]
result = list(map(lambda x, y: x + y, a, b))

# 使用自定義函數(shù)
defprocess(x):
    return x * 2 + 1

result = list(map(process, range(10)))

# 性能優(yōu)化：避免不必要的list轉(zhuǎn)換
result = map(int, ['1', '2', '3'])  # 返回迭代器，按需消費

# 基礎(chǔ)用法
numbers = range(10)
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, numbers))

# 與None的特殊用法
values = [0, 1, False, 2, '', 'hello', [], [1, 2]]
truthy = list(filter(None, values))  # [1, 2, 'hello', [1, 2]]

# 自定義過濾函數(shù)
defis_prime(n):
    if n < 2:
        returnFalse
    for i in range(2, int(n ** 0.5) + 1):
        if n % i == 0:
            returnFalse
    returnTrue

primes = list(filter(is_prime, range(20)))

from functools import reduce

# 求和（雖然sum()更簡單，但演示reduce的用法）
result = reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

# 求最大值
max_val = reduce(lambda x, y: x if x > y else y, [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9])

# 矩陣乘法
import numpy as np
matrices = [np.random.rand(2, 2) for _ in range(3)]
result = reduce(lambda x, y: np.dot(x, y), matrices)

# 嵌套字典合并
dicts = [{'a': 1}, {'b': 2}, {'c': 3}]
merged = reduce(lambda x, y: {**x, **y}, dicts)

# 基礎(chǔ)排序
numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6]
sorted_nums = sorted(numbers)

# 自定義排序鍵
students = [('Alice', 25), ('Bob', 30), ('Charlie', 28)]
by_age = sorted(students, key=lambda x: x[1])
by_name = sorted(students, key=lambda x: x[0])

# 多鍵排序
by_age_then_name = sorted(students, key=lambda x: (x[1], x[0]))

# 反向排序
descending = sorted(numbers, reverse=True)

# 穩(wěn)定排序特性
data = [(1, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'c'), (1, 'd')]
sorted_data = sorted(data, key=lambda x: x[0])  # 保持相同key的原順序

# any()：至少一個為真
numbers = [0, 0, 1, 0]
if any(numbers):
    print("至少有一個非零數(shù)")

# 檢查任意條件滿足
users = [{'active': False}, {'active': False}, {'active': True}]
if any(user['active'] for user in users):
    print("至少有一個活躍用戶")

# all()：全部為真
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
if all(x > 0for x in numbers):
    print("所有數(shù)都是正數(shù)")

# 檢查所有條件滿足
emails = ['user@example.com', 'admin@example.com']
if all('@'in email for email in emails):
    print("所有都是有效的郵箱格式")

# 空序列的特殊行為
any([])  # False
all([])  # True

# 基礎(chǔ)求和
total = sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

# 指定初始值
total = sum([1, 2, 3], start=100)  # 106

# 求和生成器表達式
total = sum(x ** 2for x in range(10))

# 多維列表展平求和
matrix = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]
total = sum(sum(row) for row in matrix)

# 自定義對象求和（需實現(xiàn)__add__）
from datetime import timedelta
durations = [timedelta(hours=1), timedelta(hours=2)]
total_duration = sum(durations, timedelta())

# 基礎(chǔ)用法
numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9]
smallest = min(numbers)
largest = max(numbers)

# 多個參數(shù)
result = max(10, 20, 30, 40)

# 自定義排序鍵
students = [('Alice', 25), ('Bob', 30), ('Charlie', 28)]
youngest = min(students, key=lambda x: x[1])
oldest = max(students, key=lambda x: x[1])

# 獲取多個最值
import heapq
numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9, 2, 6]
top_3 = heapq.nlargest(3, numbers)
bottom_3 = heapq.nsmallest(3, numbers)

# 處理空序列
from itertools import chain
try:
    result = min([])
except ValueError:
    print("序列為空")

# 基礎(chǔ)用法
x = 10
isinstance(x, int)  # True

# 檢查多種類型
value = 3.14
isinstance(value, (int, float))  # True

# 檢查自定義類
classAnimal:
    pass

classDog(Animal):
    pass

dog = Dog()
isinstance(dog, Dog)  # True
isinstance(dog, Animal)  # True（繼承關(guān)系）

# 避免類型檢查陷阱
# 不推薦：type(x) == int
# 推薦：isinstance(x, int)

# 鴨式類型檢查替代方案
defprocess(obj):
    if hasattr(obj, '__iter__'):
        for item in obj:
            print(item)

# getattr：獲取屬性，提供默認值
classConfig:
    debug = True
    timeout = 30

config = Config()
debug = getattr(config, 'debug', False)
log_level = getattr(config, 'log_level', 'INFO')

# setattr：動態(tài)設(shè)置屬性
setattr(config, 'log_level', 'DEBUG')
setattr(config, 'new_attr', 'value')

# 動態(tài)創(chuàng)建對象的屬性
data = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}
for key, value in data.items():
    setattr(config, key, value)

# hasattr和getattr的組合
if hasattr(config, 'debug'):
    value = getattr(config, 'debug')

# 列出對象的所有屬性
classMyClass:
    attr1 = 10
    defmethod1(self):
        pass

obj = MyClass()
all_attrs = dir(obj)

# 過濾私有屬性
public_attrs = [attr for attr in dir(obj) ifnot attr.startswith('_')]

# 探索模塊的公共接口
import json
json_attrs = [attr for attr in dir(json) ifnot attr.startswith('_')]

# 查看內(nèi)置函數(shù)
builtin_funcs = dir(__builtins__)

# vars()返回對象的__dict__
classPerson:
    def__init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

person = Person('Alice', 25)
print(vars(person))  # {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}

# 獲取本地變量
deflocal_vars():
    x = 10
    y = 20
    return vars()

print(local_vars())  # {'x': 10, 'y': 20}

# 動態(tài)更新對象屬性
updates = {'name': 'Bob', 'age': 30}
vars(person).update(updates)

# 基礎(chǔ)類型檢查
x = 10
type(x) == int

# 獲取對象的類型名稱
print(type(x).__name__)  # 'int'

# 獲取完整的類型信息
print(type(x))  # <class 'int'>

# 動態(tài)創(chuàng)建類
MyClass = type('MyClass', (), {'attr': 10})
obj = MyClass()
print(obj.attr)  # 10

# 動態(tài)創(chuàng)建繼承關(guān)系
BaseClass = type('BaseClass', (), {'method': lambda self: 'base'})
DerivedClass = type('DerivedClass', (BaseClass,), {'method': lambda self: 'derived'})

# 檢查是否是某個類的實例
isinstance(obj, MyClass)  # True

# 檢查函數(shù)
defmy_func():
    pass

callable(my_func)  # True

# 檢查類（類本身是可調(diào)用的）
classMyClass:
    pass

callable(MyClass)  # True

# 檢查實現(xiàn)了__call__的對象
classCallable:
    def__call__(self):
        return"called"

obj = Callable()
callable(obj)  # True

# 實際應(yīng)用
defexecute_if_callable(func, *args):
    if callable(func):
        return func(*args)
    returnNone

result = execute_if_callable(lambda x: x * 2, 5)

# 基礎(chǔ)舍入
round(3.7)  # 4
round(3.14159, 2)  # 3.14

# 舍入到最近的10
round(1234, -1)  # 1230
round(1234, -2)  # 1200

# 銀行家舍入（Python 3的默認行為）
round(2.5)  # 2
round(3.5)  # 4

# 格式化顯示vs真實舍入
x = 3.14159
f"{x:.2f}"# '3.14'（字符串顯示）
round(x, 2)  # 3.14（真實值修改）

# 按百分比舍入
values = [0.1234, 0.5678, 0.9012]
percentages = [round(v * 100, 1) for v in values]

# 基礎(chǔ)哈希
hash('hello')
hash(42)
hash((1, 2, 3))

# 相同對象有相同的哈希值
hash('test') == hash('test')  # True

# 集合和字典依賴hash
my_set = {1, 2, 3}
my_dict = {'key': 'value'}

# 自定義對象的hash
classPerson:
    def__init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
    
    def__hash__(self):
        return hash((self.name, self.age))
    
    def__eq__(self, other):
        return self.name == other.name and self.age == other.age

person1 = Person('Alice', 25)
person2 = Person('Alice', 25)
people_set = {person1, person2}  # 集合會去重

# ord()：字符轉(zhuǎn)編碼
ord('A')  # 65
ord('a')  # 97
ord('中')  # 20013

# chr()：編碼轉(zhuǎn)字符
chr(65)  # 'A'
chr(20013)  # '中'

# 字符串編碼
text = 'Hello'
encoded = [ord(c) for c in text]
decoded = ''.join(chr(code) for code in encoded)

# ASCII編碼表
ascii_table = {chr(i): i for i in range(32, 127)}

# Unicode范圍處理
all_chinese = [chr(i) for i in range(0x4E00, 0x9FFF)]

# 基礎(chǔ)冪運算
pow(2, 3)  # 8
pow(2, 10)  # 1024

# 與**的區(qū)別
pow(2, 3) == 2 ** 3# True

# 模冪運算（密碼學常用）
pow(2, 100, 10**9 + 7)  # 快速計算大數(shù)的模

# 比較性能
# pow(a, b, m) 比 a**b % m 更高效

# 負數(shù)指數(shù)
pow(2, -1)  # 0.5
pow(10, -2)  # 0.01

# 復數(shù)冪運算
pow(2j, 2)  # (-4+0j)

# iter()：創(chuàng)建迭代器
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
iterator = iter(numbers)

# next()：獲取下一個元素
next(iterator)  # 1
next(iterator)  # 2

# 處理StopIteration異常
try:
    whileTrue:
        print(next(iterator))
except StopIteration:
    print("迭代完成")

# 創(chuàng)建自定義迭代器
classCountUp:
    def__init__(self, max):
        self.max = max
        self.current = 0
    
    def__iter__(self):
        return self
    
    def__next__(self):
        if self.current < self.max:
            self.current += 1
            return self.current
        else:
            raise StopIteration

# iter()的雙參數(shù)形式
with open('file.txt') as f:
    for line in iter(lambda: f.readline().strip(), ''):
        print(line)