你居然可以這樣寫(xiě) JavaScript?!ES2025 語(yǔ)法糖大合集
做前端,跟上 JS 的最新進(jìn)展是飯碗。第一次看到 ES2025 的一批提案級(jí)“語(yǔ)法糖”,我是真被驚到——沒(méi)想到 JS 還能這么寫(xiě)。它們不僅讓代碼更干凈優(yōu)雅,也能顯著提升開(kāi)發(fā)效率。
下面按模塊快速過(guò)一遍,并給出易用范式與示例。
1.模式匹配(Pattern Matching)
再見(jiàn),冗長(zhǎng)的 if-else 鏈。
傳統(tǒng)寫(xiě)法:
function processResponse(response) {
if (response.status === 200 && response.data) {
return { success: true, data: response.data };
} else if (response.status === 404) {
return { success: false, error: 'Not found' };
} else if (response.status >= 500) {
return { success: false, error: 'Server error' };
} else {
return { success: false, error: 'Unknown error' };
}
}模式匹配范式:
function processResponse(response) {
return match (response) {
when ({ status: 200, data }) -> ({ success: true, data })
when ({ status: 404 }) -> ({ success: false, error: 'Not found' })
when ({ status: status if status >= 500 }) -> ({ success: false, error: 'Server error' })
default -> ({ success: false, error: 'Unknown error' })
};
}數(shù)組長(zhǎng)度分支也能優(yōu)雅處理:
function handleArray(arr) {
return match (arr) {
when ([]) -> "Empty array"
when ([first]) -> `Only one element: ${first}`
when ([first, second]) -> `Two elements: ${first}, ${second}`
when ([first, ...rest]) -> `First element: ${first}, others: ${rest.length} items`
};
}2.管道運(yùn)算符(|>)
組合函數(shù)像寫(xiě)流程圖一樣順暢。
舊寫(xiě)法(套娃):
const result = Math.round(Math.abs(Math.sqrt(parseFloat(userInput))));新寫(xiě)法(自左向右):
const result = userInput
|> parseFloat(%)
|> Math.sqrt(%)
|> Math.abs(%)
|> Math.round(%);數(shù)據(jù)處理流水線(xiàn):
const processUsers = (users) =>
users
|> (% => %.filter(u => u.active))
|> (% => %.map(u => ({ ...u, displayName: `${u.firstName} ${u.lastName}` })))
|> (% => %.sort((a, b) => a.displayName.localeCompare(b.displayName)))
|> (% => %.slice(0, 10));
const fetchAndProcessData = async (url) =>
url
|> fetch(%)
|> await %.json()
|> processUsers(%)
|> (% => ({ data: %, timestamp: Date.now() }));3.Record & Tuple(不可變?cè)Y(jié)構(gòu))
不靠三方庫(kù),也能原生不可變。
// Record:不可變對(duì)象
const userRecord = #{
id: 1,
name: "Zhang San",
email: "zhangsan@example.com"
};
// Tuple:不可變數(shù)組
const coordinates = #[10, 20, 30];
// 嚴(yán)格相等(結(jié)構(gòu)相同即相等)
const user1 = #{ id: 1, name: "Zhang San" };
const user2 = #{ id: 1, name: "Zhang San" };
console.log(user1 === user2); // true嵌套組合:
const complexData = #{
users: #[
#{ id: 1, name: "Zhang San" },
#{ id: 2, name: "Li Si" }
],
config: #{
theme: "dark",
language: "zh-CN"
}
};在 React 中簡(jiǎn)化依賴(lài)對(duì)比:
const UserComponent = ({ user }) => {
const memoizedUser = useMemo(() =>
#{
...user,
displayName: `${user.firstName} ${user.lastName}`
}, [user]
);
return <div>{memoizedUser.displayName}</div>;
};4.Decimal 十進(jìn)制數(shù)
告別浮點(diǎn)精度坑位(財(cái)務(wù)場(chǎng)景狂喜)。
console.log(0.1 + 0.2); // 0.30000000000000004(舊問(wèn)題)
console.log(0.1m + 0.2m); // 0.3m(新數(shù)值類(lèi)型)金融計(jì)算:
const price = 19.99m;
const tax = 0.08m;
const total = price * (1m + tax);
console.log(total); // 21.5892m互轉(zhuǎn):
const decimalValue = 123.456m;
const numberValue = Number(decimalValue); // 123.456
const backToDecimal = Decimal(numberValue); // 123.456m5.迭代器助手(Iterator Helpers)
讓迭代器像數(shù)組一樣鏈?zhǔn)教幚怼?/span>
function* fibonacci() {
let a = 0, b = 1;
while (true) { yield a; [a, b] = [b, a + b]; }
}
const result = fibonacci()
.take(20)
.filter(n => n % 2 === 0)
.map(n => n * n)
.take(5)
.toArray();
console.log(result); // [0, 4, 64, 1024, 7744]異步生成器同樣支持:
async function* fetchPages(baseUrl) {
let page = 1;
while (true) {
const res = await fetch(`${baseUrl}?page=${page}`);
const data = await res.json();
if (data.items.length === 0) break;
yield* data.items;
page++;
}
}
const allItems = await fetchPages('/api/items')
.filter(item => item.active)
.map(item => ({ ...item, processed: true }))
.take(100)
.toArray();6.Import 斷言增強(qiáng)
更安全、更明確的模塊導(dǎo)入。
import config from './config.json' with { type: 'json' };
import styles from './styles.css' with { type: 'css' };
import wasmModule from './math.wasm' with { type: 'webassembly' };
// 動(dòng)態(tài)導(dǎo)入 + 斷言
const loadConfig = async (env) => {
const cfg = await import(`./config-${env}.json`, { with: { type: 'json' } });
return cfg.default;
};
// 條件導(dǎo)入
if (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development') {
import devConfig from './config-dev.json' with { type: 'json' };
}7.更優(yōu)雅的錯(cuò)誤處理
異常處理語(yǔ)法更自然可組合。
// try 表達(dá)式
const result = try fetchData() catch (error) {
console.error('Failed to fetch data:', error);
return { error: error.message };
};
// 鏈?zhǔn)教幚聿煌e(cuò)誤類(lèi)型
const processData = (data) =>
try parseJSON(data)
.then(validateSchema)
.then(transformData)
.catch(ParseError, e => ({ error: 'Invalid data format', details: e.message }))
.catch(ValidationError, e => ({ error: 'Data validation failed', details: e.message }))
.catch(error => ({ error: 'Processing failed', details: error.message }));
// 錯(cuò)誤傳播操作符
const safeOperation = (input) => {
const parsed = parseInput(input)?;
const validated = validateInput(parsed)?;
const result = processInput(validated)?;
return { success: true, data: result };
};8.Temporal API 便捷語(yǔ)法
現(xiàn)代時(shí)間處理再降摩擦。
// 簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)字面量
const now = Temporal.now();
const birthday = @2024-01-15;
const meeting = @2024-12-25T10:30:00[Asia/Shanghai];
// 直觀的時(shí)間運(yùn)算
const nextWeek = now + 7.days;
const lastMonth = now - 1.month;
const deadline = meeting + 2.hours + 30.minutes;
// 時(shí)間范圍
const workingHours = @09:00..17:00;
const workingDays = @Monday..Friday;
console.log(workingHours.contains(@14:30)); // true
console.log(workingDays.contains(Temporal.now().dayOfWeek));9.模板字符串增強(qiáng)
模板能力更強(qiáng):多行縮進(jìn)、國(guó)際化、安全插值等。
// 自動(dòng)處理縮進(jìn)
const html = html`
<div class="container">
<h1>${title}</h1>
<p>${content}</p>
</div>
`;
// 安全 SQL 插值
const sql = sql`
SELECT * FROM users
WHERE age > ${minAge}
AND city = ${city}
`;
// i18n 模板
const message = i18n`Hello ${name}, you have ${count} new messages`;
// CSS 風(fēng)格化模板
const styledText = css`
color: ${primaryColor};
font-size: ${fontSize}px;
margin: ${margin};
`;10.模式解構(gòu)(Pattern Destructuring)
解構(gòu)賦值更靈活,支持條件與 where。
// 對(duì)象深解構(gòu) + 默認(rèn)值
const user = { id: 1, profile: { name: "Zhang San", age: 25 } };
const { id, profile: { name, age = 18 } = {} } = user;
// 條件解構(gòu)
const { id if id > 0, name if typeof name === 'string' } = user;
// 數(shù)組解構(gòu) + 條件約束
const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
const [first, second, ...rest where rest.length > 2] = numbers;
// 參數(shù)解構(gòu) + 條件
function processUser({
id,
name if name.length > 0,
age = 18 if age >= 0,
...extra
}) {
return { id, name, age, extra };
}小結(jié)
這批 ES2025 的“語(yǔ)法糖”提案不只是功能堆疊,更是 JS 朝著現(xiàn)代化、函數(shù)式、類(lèi)型安全方向邁出的關(guān)鍵一步。可讀性、可維護(hù)性直線(xiàn)上升,一些場(chǎng)景的性能也會(huì)更穩(wěn)。雖然仍處于提案階段,但借助 Babel 等工具,已經(jīng)可以在項(xiàng)目中小范圍試水。
一句話(huà)攻略:用更貼近心智模型的語(yǔ)法,寫(xiě)更可靠、更好維護(hù)的 JS。





























